考点解读
1、思维导图
2、重难点（讲解）
重难点一：在先行词指物的情况下，确定定语从句的关系代词使用that还是which。
I. 关系代词只能用that，而不能用which的情况：
1. 当先行词为不定代词。如：
There is nothing (that) I can say about it.
2. 先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best basketball match that I have ever seen.
3. 先行词被the only或the very修饰时。如：
The only thing that we can do is to ask our teachers’ help.
Is this the very museum that you visited the other day?
4. 先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰时。如：
The first English film that I saw was “Oliver Twist”.
When foreigners talk about China, the first that comes to mind is the Great Wall.
5. 被修饰的先行词被any, all, much, no, little, few等修饰时。如：
I am interested in all that you have told me.
There isn’t much that I can do.
He is one of the few that can work it out in five minutes.
6. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。例如：
They talked about the factories and workers that they had visited.
7. 先行词是疑问代词时。如：
Which is the book that he bought yesterday?
Who that you have ever seen can beat him in the game?
8. 先行词在逻辑上充当定语从句的表语时。如：
This is no longer the place that it used to be.
He is not the man that he was.
II. 关系代词只能用which，不用that 的情况：
1. 引导非限制性定语从句时，例如：
She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth.
2. 当关系代词做介词宾语时，例如：
He wrote a book in which he could learn about his life.
在上一例句中，引导词“which”作了介词“in”的宾语，所以不可以用“that”代替。
重难点二：在先行词指人的情况下，除了使用关系代词that外，确定定语从句的关系代词使用who还是whom。
1. who适用于先行词指人的场合，who在从句中充当主语，在口语体中who也可以充当从句的宾语。例如：
A doctor is a person who / that looks after people’s health.
2. whom也适用于先行词指人的场合，whom在从句中只能充当宾语。例如：
Mr. White invited many friends to his party (who / whom / that) he respected much.
3. 介词后关系代词如指代人，只能用whom，且whom也不可省略：
Nancy is the right person on whom you can depend.
重难点三：关系代词whose充当从句中的定语的用法以及与介词+关系代词的转换。
表示人的所有：The girl whose father is a model worker is our monitor.
表示物的所有：I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
the +名词+of + whom (which)的结构= whose + 名词，下面两组中的三个句子意思相同，例如：
A: The river whose banksare covered with trees flows to the sea.
The river of which the banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.
The river the banks of which are covered with trees flows to the sea.
B: There are twenty students,whose backgrounds are different.
There are twenty students, the backgrounds of whom are different.
There are twenty students, of whom the backgrounds are different.
重难点四：关系代词which, as引导非限制性定语从句，用于指代整个主句的用法及区别。
1. as的用法
非限制性定语从句的谓语动词为know, see, suggest, turn out等时，由as引导从句，as指代整个主句，意为“正如”。例如：
He disliked the girl,as was expected.
A fast food restaurant is a place, as the name suggests, where eating is performed quickly.
As it turned out, Mary was the one appointed to the new position.
2. which的用法
当定语从句修饰整个主句时，可以使用关系代词which。例如：
They have invited me to diner, which is very kind of them.
3. which, as的区别
which不能置于句首，翻译成“这，这件事”；as 可以放在句首、句中及句末，翻译成“正如…”。
重难点五：关系副词中的一些特殊地点和时间名词。
具体的地点名词后可以接where从句，但其他如case, point, situation, condition, job等表示“情况，方面”的名词也同样加where从句，这种用法源于“in this case, at this point, in this situation, under the condition”等短语。具体的时间名词后可接when从句，但如果先行词为occasion，同样也加when从句。例如：
There are many cases where this rule does not hold good.
He had to face the conditions where pressure was heavy.
I will show you the point where you fail.
This is a job where you can learn something.
He left his hometown in 2002 since when he has never come back.
People may come across the occasion when they want to say something but forget what they are going to say.
重难点六：非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句区别
1. 限制性定语从句: 与先行词关系密切，如果没有定语从句，主句不完整，且与先行词之间无逗号，如果后面的定语从句去掉，句子意思显然不完整。例如：
He asked me a question which was about my study at school.
2. 非限制性定语从句: 对先行词起补充说明作用，如果删除，主句意义仍然完整，与先行词之间有逗号。例如：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
I decided to write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years before.
3. 必须使用非限制性定语从句的情况：
1) 当先行词为专有名词或球类、疾病、学科等独一无二的事物时。如：
He caught SARS, which threatened people a lot.
Basketball, which is now played in over 100 countries, is the most popular game in the world.
2) 当定语从句由“代词/数词/名词/形容词比较级、最高级等+of+which/whom”引导时。如：
China has hundreds of islands off its southeast coast, the largest of which is Taiwan.
3) 当定语从句修饰整个主句时。如：
They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.
They moved the fallen tree, which took them a long time.
典型例题
An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area __________interact with one another.（2013年上海英语高考）
【答案】that
【解析】此处考查定语从句中的关系代词。分析句子后看出主句成分完整，从句缺主语，判断下来是考查定语从句。此题难点在于主句中的先行词为the living and nonliving things，先行词即指人又指物，所以关系代词只能使用that。
Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from __________ you received gifts?（2012年上海英语高考）
【答案】whom
【解析】此处考查定语从句中的关系代词。分析句子后看出主句成分完整，从句缺介词from后的宾语，判断下来是考查定语从句。 根据主句先行词relatives以及receive sth. from sb. 的句型可以判断出所在空填指人的关系代词，但是介词后只能使用whom作宾语。
You" ll find taxis waiting at the bus station __________ you can hire to reach your host family.（2011年上海英语高考）
【答案】which/that
【解析】此处考查定语从句中的关系代词。分析句子后看出主句成分完整，从句缺动词hire后的宾语，判断下来是考查定语从句。此题难点在于要看出taxis后的waiting at the bus station是一个宾补成分，从而确定先行词为taxis，这样就不会受到bus station干扰，从而确定答案为指物的which或that。
Wind power is an ancient source of energy to__________ we may return in the near future. （2010年上海英语高考）
【答案】which
【解析】此处考查定语从句中的关系代词。分析句子后看出主句成分完整，从句中的动词短语return to后缺宾语，判断下来是考查定语从句，关系代词指代前面的先行词an ancient source of energy。此题要注意动词短语中的介词to放在了关系代词前，所以只能使用指物的关系代词which。
Mozart"s birthplace and the house __________ he composed "The Magic Flute" are both museums now.（2009年上海英语高考）
【答案】where
【解析】此处考查定语从句中的关系副词。分析句子后看出主句和从句的成分都完整，再根据先行词the house可以判断出是关系副词引导的定语从句。先行词是一个地点名词，所以填入where。
学法点睛
1、专题特点与学习方法
定语从句在复合句中算是相对简单的一个知识点，在初中阶段就已经出现简单一些的定语从句。此部分在高中主要拓展了关系代词用法，引入了关系副词以及介词+关系代词的用法。目前在上海高考中主要在语法填空及翻译中考查，作文中定语从句的使用也是句式多样化的要求。掌握此知识点首先要学会对定语概念的迁移，了解定语从句的作用。明白关系代词与关系副词的区别及关系代词、关系副词本身之间的区别，以及学会主从句的断句方法。
2、解题技巧
⑴ 通过断句分析主从句，此复合句是否为定语从句；
⑵ 如果确定是定语从句，就看从句中缺何种成分；
⑶ 缺主语、宾语，使用关系代词；不缺主语、宾语则用关系副词。再通过先行词进行关系词的选取。
过关检测
巩固测试：
1. Error correction in a language class should never be carried to the point__________ it discourages students from getting involved.（嘉定2013二模38题）
2. Reform is taking place in the country’s vast countryside, __________tens of millions of farmers have moved to cities for work. （黄浦2013二模35题）
3. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, __________ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.（奉贤2013二模37题）
4. The hours__________ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.（普陀2013二模35题）
5. Lucy has many positive personality features__________ make her popular at school.（宝山2013一模40题）
6. In Canada, cross country skiing is a popular sport among people__________ they can enjoy excitement and adventure.（虹口2013一模38题）
7. Being from a family__________ produced great actors, it’s no wonder that she quickly found her way into the spotlight.（黄浦2013一模35题）
8. It was from the wallets of these poor people that cigarette makers are determined to make money by promoting goods ________ are labeled by the WHO as dangerous to health. （崇明2012二模29题）
9. “Ungelivable” is so new an English word coined on the Internet ______ is forbidden to appear in official media or documents at present.（奉贤2012二模33题）
10. Gone are the days _____ surgery meant cutting a patient open. Modern medicine offers doctors less invasive tools to operate on disease-stricken bodies.（杨浦2012一模40题）
11. Researchers are now conducting hibernation experiments and can use chemicals to put living cells into sleep-like state ______ they don’t age. （青浦2012一模40题）
12. Raising children is said to be a job________ parents receive the least formal training for.（浦东2011二模40题）
13. After 6 years of twists and turns, the construction of the Shanghai Disneyland,_____was another major construction project after the Shanghai Expo, was officially started on April 8th. （松江2011二模36题）
14. The fallen leaves covered the streets, __________ added beauty to the ancient small town. （闵行2011一模31题）
15. In a sports team, each player has a clear role, and there are few occasions __________ members are confused or uncertain of their roles.（浦东2011一模31题）
提升测试：
1. Shortly after the earthquake occurred a mobile hospital was set up, __________ the victims received immediate treatment. （闵行2013二模38题）
2. In addition to this traditional medical treatment, he tried to put himself in situations __________ would bring about positive emotions.（浦东2013二模33题）
3. Grass skiing is a rising form of entertainment, popular with young people, __________ sliding on the grass would be adventurous and enjoyable.（闸北2013二模28题）
4. Our math teacher set such a hard test problem __________ none of us could work out the other day.（嘉定2013一模35题）
5. A lot of lovers chose to get married on Dec. 12, 2012, __________ the date, the month and the year match.（浦东2013一模35题）
6. The scientists have made an exhaustive study of the virus with__________ many people have been infected. （松江2013一模31题）
7. The old man took the policemen back to the same place __________ he had witnessed the robbery.（虹口2012二模39题）
8. Can you think of some cases __________ drivers obviously knew the traffic rules but didn"t obey them?（闵行2012二模34题）
9. Of the slogans of the “Occupy Wall Street” movement, one __________ is frequently mentioned is: the 99 percent oppose the 1 percent.（宝山2012一模38题）
10. Sam promised to hand in the term paper before this June, __________ personally I doubted much.（闸北2012一模34题）
11. There are many kinds of public merriment associated with Pancake Day, one of __________ is the practice of pancake races.（奉贤2011二模36题）
12. Parties __________ alcohol is served can go downhill quickly if drinking is basically the only thing to do at the party.（徐汇2011二模35题）
13. According to a report from Shanghai, the city has about 800,00 pet dogs, of__________ more than half were unregistered.（闸北2011一模29题）
14. It is very different from the situation in the wild, __________ the vast majority of camels will die or be killed before they grow up.（长宁2011一模29题）
15. The Environment Agency took over the role of flood warning from the police __________ had to go door to door to get the news out.（黄浦2011一模40题）
附【参考答案】
巩固测试
1. where2. where 3. who 4. that/which 5. that/which 6. where 7. that/which
8. that/which 9. as 10. when 11. where 12. that/which 13. which 14. which 15. when
提升测试
1. where2. that/which 3. where 4. as 5. when 6. which 7. where 8. where
9. that 10. which 11. which 12. where 13. which 14. where 15. who
