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语言学习不仅仅是语言本身的事，不仅仅是语言形式，还涉及到语言学习的环境和社会，内容包罗万象，因为语言学习的形式和内容是密切相关的。作为外语的英语学习不仅如此，而且由于其非母语特性，英语学习涉及的形式和内容就更加广泛和复杂。法律英语就是这种英语学习的广泛和复杂的形式和内容之一。法律英语除了其内容具有很强的专业性和学术性之外，其语言形式一般说来也与普通英语有很大的不同，这一点主要体现在词汇和术语以及句式句型方面。对于英语学习者和爱好者来说，法律英语是必不可少的也是非常重要的学习内容。因此，熟悉乃至熟练法律英语对于英语语言学习和应用，英语知识和法律知识的了解和理解都具有非常重要的意义。学中用，用中学，学用结合是英语学习的有效方法。阅读真实语料是必不可少的学习和应用活动。关于法律方面的英语新闻稿、文章和裁决和判决书等都是可以选取的真实语料，对于大幅提高英语水平和能力有极大的促进作用。下面选取体育仲裁法院（the Court of Arbitration for Sport -- CAS）最新发布的关于中国游泳运动员孙杨兴奋剂违规上诉案裁决新闻稿作为法律英语学习的样本，为兴趣的英语学习者和爱好者提供法律英语词汇和术语释义、难句解析和汉语译文及简要说明等方面的参考。为便于读者进行整体阅读和理解，首先安排原文和译文，然后顺序安排术语释义、难句解析和翻译说明。
一、原文与译文
SUN YANG IS FOUND GUILTY OF A DOPING OFFENSE AND SANCTIONED WITH AN 8-YEAR PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY
孙杨被判定兴奋剂违规并被处以取消资格8年处罚
Lausanne, 28 February 2020 -The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) has upheld the appeal filed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) against the Chinese swimmer Sun Yang and the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA). As a consequence, Sun Yang (the Athlete) is sanctioned with an eight-year period of ineligibility, starting on the date of the CAS award.
译文：
洛桑，2020年2月28日 — 体育仲裁法院（CAS）支持世界反兴奋剂机构（WADA）对中国游泳运动员孙杨和国际游泳联合会（FINA）提起的上诉。因此，孙杨（运动员）被裁定取消资格8年，自CAS裁决之日起实行。
Following a conflictual anti-doping test at the residence of Sun Yang in September 2018 which resulted in the testing not being completed, the matter was initially referred to the FINA Doping Panel (FINA DP) which found that the International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI), the protocol adopted by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for the conduct of doping controls, had not been properly followed. Therefore, the FINA DP invalidated the sample collection. As a consequence, the FINA DP determined that the athlete had not committed an anti-doping rule violation.
译文：
继2018年9月于孙杨住处进行的导致检测未能完成的冲突性反兴奋剂检测之后，该事件最初提交给国际泳联兴奋剂仲裁组（FINA DP），该仲裁组认定《国际检测和调查标准》（ISTI），即世界反兴奋剂机构（WADA）正式通过的实施兴奋剂控制的协议，没有得到正确遵守。所以，FINA DP宣布样本采集无效。因此，FINA DP确定该运动员没有触犯反兴奋剂规则。
WADA filed an appeal at CAS against that decision, asserting that Sun Yang had voluntarily refused to submit to sample collection and requesting that a period of ineligibility between a minimum 2 years and maximum 8 years be imposed on him.
译文：
WADA向CAS提出上诉反对该决定，主张孙杨系主动拒绝配合样品采集，并要求对他处以取消资格最少2年至最高8年处罚。
The arbitration on appeal was referred to a panel of CAS arbitrators, composed of Judge Franco Frattini (Italy), President, Mr Romano F. Subiotto QC (Belgium/UK) and Prof. Philippe Sands QC (UK), which held a hearing on 15 November 2019. Further to the parties’ request, the hearing was conducted in public.
译文：
该上诉仲裁提交给了CAS仲裁组，仲裁组由佛朗哥·弗拉蒂尼法官（意大利），庭长、罗曼诺·苏比奥托先生（比利时/英国）和菲利普·桑德斯教授，王室法律顾问（英国）组成，于2019年11月15日举行了听证会。鉴于各方要求，听证会公开进行。
The CAS Panel unanimously determined, to its comfortable satisfaction, that the Athlete violated Article 2.5 FINA DC (Tampering with any part of Doping Control). In particular, the Panel found that the personnel in charge of the doping control complied with all applicable requirements as set out in the ISTI. More specifically, the Athlete failed to establish that he had a compelling justification to destroy his sample collection containers and forego the doping control when, in his opinion, the collection protocol was not in compliance with the ISTI. As the Panel noted, it is one thing, having provided a blood sample, to question the accreditation of the testing personnel while keeping the intact samples in the possession of the testing authorities; it is quite another thing, after lengthy exchanges and warnings as to the consequences, to act in such a way that results in destroying the sample containers, thereby eliminating any chance of testing the sample at a later stage.
译文：
CAS仲裁组依据足够充分原则，一致决定，该运动员违反了FINA DC第2.5条（篡改兴奋剂控制的任何部分）。特别是，仲裁组认定，负责兴奋剂控制的人员遵守了《国际检测和调查标准》规定的所有适用要求。更为具体的是，该运动员在其认为采集协议不符合ISTI时未能证明其有令人信服的理由去破坏样品采集容器，并放弃兴奋剂控制。正如仲裁组指出，提供血液样本之后再将完好的样品交给检测机构持有并同时对检测人员的资格认证提出质疑是一回事；经过长时间的交流和后果警告之后以导致破坏样品容器这样一种方式采取行动，从而消除其后阶段检测样品的任何机会完全是另一回事。
Considering that, in June 2014, the Athlete was found guilty of a first anti-doping rule violation (ADRV), the Panel concluded that, in accordance with Article 10.7.1 FINA DC, an eight-year period of ineligibility, starting on the date of the CAS award, has to be imposed on the Athlete for this second ADRV.
译文：
鉴于该运动员2014年6月被裁定第一次触犯反兴奋剂规则（ADRV），仲裁组最终裁定，根据第FINA DC第10.7.1条，从CAS裁决之日起，对该运动员因该第二次触犯ADRV（反兴奋剂规则）实施为期8年的取消资格处罚。
Considering 1) that FINA refrained from seeking the imposition of a provisional suspension on the Athlete when charging him with an anti-doping rule violation, 2) that doping tests performed on the Athlete shortly before and after the aborted doping control in September 2018 were negative, and 3) that in the absence of any evidence that the Athlete may have engaged in doping activity since 4 September 2018, including on the occasion of the FINA World Championships in Gwangju, South Korea in July 2019, the results achieved by the Athlete in the period prior to the CAS award being issued should not be disqualified.
译文：
鉴于1）FINA在指控该运动员触犯反兴奋剂规则时避免寻求对其实行临时停赛，2）2018年9月兴奋剂检查中止前后对该运动员进行的兴奋剂检测呈阴性，3）没有任何证据表明该运动员自2018年9月4日以来可能从事过兴奋剂活动，包括2019年7月韩国光州FINA世界锦标赛期间，该运动员在CAS裁决发布之前的时期内取得的成绩不应予以取消。
The Arbitral Award will be published on the CAS website in a few days, unless the parties agree that it should remain confidential.
译文：
本仲裁裁决将于几天后在CAS网站上发布，除非各方同意本裁决应予保密。
二、术语释义：
guilty：犯罪的，违规的，过失的
dope：服用兴奋剂
arbitration：仲裁，裁决
offense：违法行为，犯罪
uphold：支持，维持
file：提起（诉讼）
fédération：（法语）联合会，协会
internationale：（法语）国际
consequence：结果，后果
as a consequence：因此
athlete：运动员
sanction：制裁，惩罚，处罚
ineligibility：无资格，不合格
award：裁决，判决
conflictual：冲突（性）的
residence：住所，住处
complete：完成
initially：最初，起初
refer to：提交给
panel：组，（专门）小组
protocol：协议
conduct：实施，执行
properly：正确地
invalidate：使…无效/作废
commit：触犯，犯错，犯罪
violation：违反，违规，违法
appeal：上诉
assert：主张，声称，断定
voluntarily：主动地，自愿地
submit：服从，顺从
minimum：最低，最少
maximum：最高，最大
impose：处以，判处
arbitrator：仲裁员
compose：组成，构成
QC：王室法律顾问（Queen’s Counsel）
hearing：听证会
further to：考虑到，鉴于
unanimously：一致
comfortable：足够的
satisfaction：充分，满足
violate：违反，违规，违法
article：条款
tamper：篡改，干扰
personnel：人员
comply：遵守，服从，顺从，符合
applicable：适用的
set out：制定，安排
specifically：特别地，具体地
establish：证明
compelling：令人信服的，强有力的
justification：理由
destroy：破坏，销毁
sample：样本
collection：采集
container：容器
forego：放弃
compliance：遵守，服从，顺从，符合
note：指出
accreditation：认可。认证
intact：完整的，完好的
possession：拥有，占有
thereby：从而，由此
eliminate：消除
considering：鉴于，考虑到
conclude：做/得出结论
accordance：根据，依据，符合，
refrain：避免
imposition：处罚，
provisional：临时的
suspension：暂停，中止
charge：指控
perform：进行，执行
abort：中止
negative：阴性的
absence：缺失
evidence：证据
engage：从事
occasion：场景，场合
prior：之前
issue：发布，发表
disqualify：取消资格
confidential：保密的
三、难句解析：
1. Following a conflictual anti-doping test at the residence of Sun Yang in September 2018 which resulted in the testing not being completed, the matter was initially referred to the FINA Doping Panel (FINA DP) which found that the International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI), the protocol adopted by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for the conduct of doping controls, had not been properly followed.
—— 句子结构简化如下：
Following … which resulted …, the matter was … referred … which found that the International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI), the protocol …, had not been properly followed.
—— Following a conflictual anti-doping test at the residence of Sun Yang in September 2018 —— 介词短语作状语，表示时间顺序。
—— which resulted in the testing not being completed —— 定语从句修饰test，其中not being completed是否定被动态形式的宾语补足语。
—— the matter was initially referred to the FINA Doping Panel (FINA DP) —— 主句主谓语。
—— which found —— 定语从句，修饰the FINA Doping Panel (FINA DP)。
—— that the International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI), the protocol adopted by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for the conduct of doping controls, had not been properly followed —— 宾语从句，主谓语由同位语分隔， the protocol…是同位语修饰从句主语，adopted by…是过去分词定语作定语修饰protocol。
2. WADA filed an appeal at CAS against that decision, asserting that Sun Yang had voluntarily refused to submit to sample collection and requesting that a period of ineligibility between a minimum 2 years and maximum 8 years be imposed on him.
—— 本段为一句话段落，句子结构简化如下：
WADA filed…, asserting that Sun Yang had voluntarily refused… and requesting that a period… be imposed….
—— WADA filed an appeal at CAS against that decision —— 主句，其中WADA filed an appeal是主谓宾语，at CAS against that decision 是两个介词短语作状语。
—— asserting that Sun Yang had … refused … and requesting that a period … be imposed on him —— 两个并列现在分词作状语，同时各自含有一个宾语从句，第二个现在分词requesting所接宾语从句需要采用虚拟语气形式，既助动词为原型be。
3. The arbitration on appeal was referred to a panel of CAS arbitrators, composed of Judge Franco Frattini (Italy), President, Mr Romano F. Subiotto QC (Belgium/UK) and Prof. Philippe Sands QC (UK), which held a hearing on 15 November 2019.
—— 句子结构简化如下：
The arbitration … was referred to a panel of CAS arbitrators, composed …, which held a hearing …。
—— 本句中，panel含有三个叠加后置修饰成分，分别是介词短语of CAS arbitrators，过去分词短语composed…和which held a hearing…。
4. As the Panel noted, it is one thing, having provided a blood sample, to question the accreditation of the testing personnel while keeping the intact samples in the possession of the testing authorities; it is quite another thing, after lengthy exchanges and warnings as to the consequences, to act in such a way that results in destroying the sample containers, thereby eliminating any chance of testing the sample at a later stage.
—— 句子结构计划如下：
As the Panel noted, it is one thing, …, to question …; it is quite another thing, …, to act in such a way that results …, thereby eliminating ….
—— As the Panel noted —— 状语从句，as既作连接词又表示正如/正像的意义。
—— it is one thing, …, to question…; it is quite another thing, to act… —— 利用非语言手段标点符号形成并列主句，两个并列句子都是形式主语结构，逻辑主语分别是两个动词不定式。
—— having provided a blood sample —— 完成时态现在分词作独立成分，根据上下文其逻辑主语应该理解为the Athlete。
—— while keeping the intact samples in the possession of the testing authorities —— 连接词接现在分词作逻辑主语的状语，可看作是while引导的状语从句的简化形式。
—— that results in destroying the sample containers —— such… that 句式作形式主语的状语。
—— thereby eliminating any chance of testing the sample at a later stage —— 现在分词短语作状语，与宾语从句的主语构成逻辑主谓关系。
5. Considering that, in June 2014, the Athlete was found guilty of a first anti-doping rule violation (ADRV), the Panel concluded that, in accordance with Article 10.7.1 FINA DC, an eight-year period of ineligibility, starting on the date of the CAS award, has to be imposed on the Athlete for this second ADRV.
—— 本句为一句话段落，句子结构简化如下：
Considering that, …, the Athlete was found …, the Panel concluded that, …, an eight-year period of ineligibility, …, has to be imposed ….
—— Considering that, in June 2014, the Athlete was found guilty of a first anti-doping rule violation (ADRV) —— 介词接宾语从句，其中the Athlete was found guilty是从句主谓语，of a first anti-doping rule violation (ADRV)是介词短语状语表示原因。
—— the Panel concluded that … —— 主句主谓宾语，宾语是从句。
—— in accordance with Article 10.7.1 FINA DC和 starting on the date of the CAS award都是 状语，前后分置，有助于形成句子平衡。
—— an eight-year period of ineligibility, …, has to be imposed on the Athlete for this second ADRV —— 宾语从句，其中an eight-year period是主语，has to be imposed是谓语，动词不定式采用被动态形式。
6. Considering 1) that FINA refrained from seeking the imposition of a provisional suspension on the Athlete when charging him with an anti-doping rule violation, 2) that doping tests performed on the Athlete shortly before and after the aborted doping control in September 2018 were negative, and 3) that in the absence of any evidence that the Athlete may have engaged in doping activity since 4 September 2018, including on the occasion of the FINA World Championships in Gwangju, South Korea in July 2019, the results achieved by the Athlete in the period prior to the CAS award being issued should not be disqualified.
—— 本句为一句话段落，句子结构简化如下：
Considering 1) that FINA refrained…, 2) that doping tests … were negative, and 3) that …, …, the results … should not be disqualified.
—— 介词引导三个数字表示的并列宾语，1) that FINA refrained…, 2) that doping tests … were negative, and 3) that …，充当状语。
—— 1) that FINA refrained from seeking the imposition of a provisional suspension on the Athlete when charging him with an anti-doping rule violation —— 介词considering的第一个宾语，that引导宾语从句，其中FINA是主语，refrained是谓语，from … 是介词短状语，seeking … 动名词作介词from的宾语，后接宾语the imposition of a provisional suspension on the Athlete，when charging him with an anti-doping rule violation是连接词引导现在分词短语作状语，与FINA构成逻辑主谓结构，可看作是when FINA charged … 的简化形式。
—— 2) that doping tests performed on the Athlete shortly before and after the aborted doping control in September 2018 were negative —— 介词considering的第二个宾语，that引导宾语从句，其中doping tests是动名词短语作主语，performed on the Athlete shortly before and after the aborted doping control in September 2018 是过去分词短语作定语修饰tests，并将主谓语分隔，were negative是系表结构谓语。
—— 3) that in the absence of any evidence that the Athlete may have engaged in doping activity since 4 September 2018, including on the occasion of the FINA World Championships in Gwangju, South Korea in July 2019 —— 介词considering的第三个宾语，按照并列结构的一般规则，三个宾语的结构应该是一致的，但在作为第三个并列的宾语中并没有出现与前两个宾语同样的结构，即宾语从句，因为此处作为宾语从句的主谓语是缺失的，因此应该是语法错误，分析如下：that作为连接词应该引导宾语从句，但其后的成分没有出现主语和谓语，in the absence of any evidence是介词短语，应该作状语，that the Athlete may have engaged in doping activity since 4 September 2018, including on the occasion of the FINA World Championships in Gwangju, South Korea in July 2019是同位语从句修饰evidence，其中the Athlete是主语，may have engaged是情态助动词接完成时态表示虚拟语气，in doping activity since 4 September 2018是介词短语作状语修饰同位语的谓语，including on the occasion of the FINA World Championships in Gwangju, South Korea in July 2019是介词短语作状语。
—— the results achieved by the Athlete in the period prior to the CAS award being issued should not be disqualified —— 主句，the results是主语，achieved by the Athlete in the period prior to the CAS award being issued是过去分词短语作定语修饰results，其中prior to是形容词介词结构，the CAS award是介词to的宾语，being issued是被动语态现在分词作宾语补足语，should not be disqualified是主句谓语。
四、翻译说明：
1. offense译为违规，如果译为犯罪可能涉及刑事处罚，可能使汉语表述不够准确。
2. ineligibility译为取消资格，该词原意为无资格或不合格，指广泛意义上的资格缺失，网络上译为禁赛过于直接或狭窄，不甚符合原意。
3. the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)译为体育仲裁法院，网络通译为国际体育仲裁法庭不够准确，原因有二，一是其英文名称没有如international等表示国际的词汇，二是法庭相比而言属于法院的子属机构。
4. uphold译为支持，因为国际游泳联合会兴奋剂仲裁组关于孙杨案的裁决是世界反兴奋剂机构败诉，此次为上诉胜诉。
5. panel译为组，其本意为承担特别或专门任务的数量偏少的组成人员，译为委员会或庭不尽符合原意和实际，译为小组或组比较适合原意和汉语表达习惯。
6. following译为继…之后。
7. commit译为触犯符合原文意义，也比较符合汉语表达习惯，如果译成违反反兴奋剂规则似乎显得有些拗口。
8. the Athlete译为该运动员，此处定冠词所指明确，athlete首字母应该大写，汉语如此翻译既明确表示所指而且正式。
9. submit译为配合，如果使用服从或顺从则不尽符合汉语的语境。
10. impose译为处以…处罚，比较符合汉语的法律术语表达方式。
11. to its comfortable satisfaction译为依据足够充分原则，to表示依据或根据的意思，its系指代panel，comfortable表示足够的意思，satisfaction表示满足或充分的意思，如此翻译与原文对比增加了名词“原则”，这样既可以最大程度保持原文意义又比较符合汉语的法律术语表述方式。comfortable satisfaction是法律英语术语表示既达到刑法意义上的排除一切合理怀疑，又做到盖然性权衡，即证据达到足够充分的程度既可以予以采信。
12. considering应该看作是介词，译为鉴于，如果看作是现在分词则因逻辑主谓关系难以明确而不能确定其逻辑主语。
13. found guilty译为被裁定触犯，因为本案为仲裁性质，而非刑事判决。
14. when charging … 译文状语位置提前符合汉语表达习惯。
15. performed on the Athlete … 原文被动态译为主动态符合汉语表达习惯。
16. in the absence of any evidence原文是状语，但由于缺失主谓语，译成否定形式的汉语主谓语结构可以比较准确完整表达原意。
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