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在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句放在先行词的后面,由关系代词或关系副词引导。如:China is a great country that has about 5000 years of history.中国是一个有着约五千年历史的伟大国家。
引导定语从句的关系代词有that(指人或物),which(指物),who(指认),whom(指人),whose(指人或物)。
引导定语从句的关系副词有where(地点),when(时间),why(原因)。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接先行词和定语从句的作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一个成分。
定语从句的谓语动词需与先行词保持人称和数的一致。
如:There are some TV programs that are good for children.电视上有一些对孩子们有益的节目。
注:
(1) that和which在从句中作宾语时,在口语和非正式文体中常省略;作主语时,不能省略。that指物时通常可与which互换。whom在从句中作宾语时,通常可用who或that代替,也常省略。
(2) 关系代词whom和which在从句中作介词的宾语时,可以跟介词一起放在先行词和从句之间(此时关系代词不能省略),也可把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面(此时关系代词可省略)。如:This is the book (which) I’m looking for.
(3) 关系代词who和that作介词的宾语时,介词只能放在从句中有关动词之后。如:The friend (who/that) I am traveling with speaks English.
(4) 当先行词是all, anything, something, nothing, everything, none等不定代词时,关系代词一般只用that。如:That’s all that I could do at that time.
(5) 当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词以及last, any, only, few, much, no, very等词修饰时,关系代词常用that。如:This is the best hotel that I know.
(6) 先行词既指人又指物时关系代词只能用that。如:Maria took photos of the things and people that she was interested in.
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