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直接引语转间接引语的变化规律
一、时态的变化
在将直接引语改为间接引语时,如果主句谓语为一般过去时,间接引语的时态要作相应的变化(即要用相对应的过去的某种时态)。一般的变化情况见下表:
例如:
①The girl said, "I"m sorry for being late for class."
→The girl said that she wassorry for being late for class.
那姑娘说对不起她上课迟到了
②My mother said to me, "Your classmate is waiting for you in the sitting room."
→My mother told me that my classmate was waitingfor me in the sitting room.
我母亲告诉我,我的同学正在客厅等我。
③She said, "I have seen the film Titanic."
→She said that she had seenthe film Titanic.
她说她看过了电影《泰坦尼克号》
④Li Hua said to me," Your parents have been looking for you."
→Li Hua told me that my parents had been lookingfor me.
李华告诉我,我的父母正在找我。
⑤He said, "I made some spelling mistakes yesterday."
→He said that he had made some spelling mistakes the day before.
他说他前一天出了一些拼写错误。
⑥The student said," I had learnt about 5,000 English words by the end of last year."
→The student said that he had learntabout 5,000 English words by the end of the year before.
那个学生说到去年年底他已经学了5,000个单词。
⑦He asked me, "What were you doing at that time?"
→He asked me what I was doing at that time.
他问我那时我在干什么?
⑧She said, "I will go there this afternoon."
→She said (that) she would go there that afternoon.
她说她那天下午将去那里。
【特别提醒】
如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态,则间接引语的时态可不必改变(即用所需要的任何时态。例如:
He says, "I"ll never forget the lecture given by Professor Li."
→He says that he"ll never forget the lecture given by Professor Li.
他说他将永远不会忘记李教授的演讲。
二、人称的变化
在将直接引语改为间接引语时,人称(物主)代词的变化规律有如下几种:
(1)当主句的主语是第一人称时,引语中的人称(物主)代词不变。例如:
I said, “You did quite well in the exam yesterday”. 我说:“你昨天考得不错。”
→ I said that youhad done quite well in the exam the day before.我说你那天考得不错。
(2)直接引语中主语是第一人称时,在改为间接引语时,其人称与主句中的主语的人称 一致。例如:
He said to Tom, I"ll do my best to catch up with others. 他对汤姆说:“我将尽力赶上其他人。”
(3)直接引语中主语是第二人称时,在改为间接引语时,其人称和主句的宾语相一致。例如:
He said to her, “Where did you put the glasses?” 他对她说:“你把杯子放哪了?
→ He asked her where she had put the glasses. 他问她把杯子放哪儿了。
【特别提醒】
如果主句中没有宾语,应根据语境或想象,自添一个适当的宾语;如果直接引语中有呼语,则将其改为间接引语的宾语。例如:
Mother asked, “Where have you been?” 母亲问:“你去哪了?”
→ Mother asked me where I had been. 母亲问我去哪儿了。
(4)直接引语中主语是第三人称时,在改为间接引语时不发生变化。例如:
He said to Tom, “She can help them.”他对汤姆说:“她能够帮助他们。”
→ He told Tom that she could help them. 他告诉汤姆她能够帮助他们。
三、词语的变化
在将直接引语改为间接引语时,词语的变化规律有下列几种情况:
(1)指示代词this往往改为that,these改为those。例如:
①She said, This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
→ She said that that was the house in which Lu Xun had once lived.
她说那是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
② I bought these flowers for you, Jane said.
→ Jane said that she had bought those flowers for me.
简说那些花是她为我买的。
(2)在将直接引语改为间接引语时,表示时间的副词经常要随之变化,其变化的规则见下表:
例如:
①He said, "I will come here again tonight."
→He said that he would go there again that night.
他说他今天晚上再去那儿。
②She said, "I arrived yesterday morning."
→She said that she (had) arrivedthe morning before.
他说他昨天早晨到达的。
③The student said, We have learned about 3,000 English words so far.
→The student said that they had learned about 3,000 English words by then.
那学生说到那时为止他们已学会了3,000个英语单词。
(3)在将直接引语改为间接引语时,表示地点的状语here,习惯上改为there;表示方向的动词come、bring经常改为go、take。例如:
The boy said, “I’ll come here this afternoon.” 这位男孩说:“今天下午我要来这儿。”
→The boy said that he’ll go there that afternoon. 这位男孩说那天下午他要去那儿。”
【特别提醒】
在实际运用中,如果当时当地转述别人的话时,则here不用改为there,come和bring不用改为go和take,时间状语也可以不变。
He said, "I’ll come here to visit the exhibition tomorrow."
→He said that he would come here to visit the exhibition tomorrow.
他说他将来这儿参观明天的展览。
四、标点的变化
标点符号的转换:直接引语转换成间接引语,标点符号遵循“两去两改”的原则。去掉冒号和引号。感叹号、问号都改成句号。例如:
①The teacher said to us, “Knowledge is power."
→The teacher told us that knowledge is power.
老师对我们说:“知识就是力量”
②"Is everybody here?” the teacher asked.
→The teacher asked if / whether everybody was there.
老师问道:“大家都到齐了么?”
【妙法助记】
1. 人称变化规律
2. 间接引语的引导词
本文如果对你有帮助,请点赞收藏《语法讲解:直接引语和间接引语(Ⅲ)》,同时在此感谢原作者。